This guide shows how to extract structured, typed JSON from the Agent API using the `response_format` parameter with JSON schemas. You will learn practical patterns for product data extraction, research findings, comparison tables, and building reliable data pipelines — all with guaranteed schema conformance.

:::callout{intent="info"}
The Agent API enforces your JSON schema at generation time, so responses always conform to the specified structure. For the full parameter reference, see [Output Control](/guides/agent-api-output-control).
:::

## Prerequisites

Install the Perplexity SDK:

:::code-group
```bash Python theme={null}
pip install perplexityai
```

```bash TypeScript theme={null}
npm install @perplexity-ai/perplexity_ai
```
:::

If you don't have an API key yet:

:::card{title="Get your Perplexity API Key" href="https://perplexity.ai/account/api" icon="key" cta="Click here" horizontal="true" arrow="true"}
Navigate to the **API Keys** tab in the API Portal and generate a new key.
:::

Then export your API key as an environment variable:

```bash theme={null}
export PERPLEXITY_API_KEY="your-api-key"
```

## How Structured Outputs Work

When you pass `response_format` with `type: "json_schema"`, the Agent API constrains the model's output to match your schema exactly. The response in `output_text` is a valid JSON string you can parse directly.

The schema format follows [JSON Schema](https://json-schema.org/) with a few constraints specific to the Perplexity API:

- **No recursive schemas.** The schema cannot reference itself.
- **No unconstrained objects.** Avoid `additionalProperties: true` or bare `object` types without defined properties.
- **Named schemas required.** Each schema needs a `name` field for identification.

## Basic: Extracting a Single Entity

Extract structured data about a single topic with web search grounding.

:::code-group
```python Python theme={null}
import json
from perplexity import Perplexity

client = Perplexity()

response = client.responses.create(
    model="openai/gpt-5.6-terra",
    input="What is the current market cap, CEO, and founding year of NVIDIA?",
    tools=[{"type": "web_search"}],
    response_format={
        "type": "json_schema",
        "json_schema": {
            "name": "company_profile",
            "schema": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "company_name": {"type": "string"},
                    "ticker": {"type": "string"},
                    "ceo": {"type": "string"},
                    "founded_year": {"type": "integer"},
                    "market_cap_usd": {"type": "string"},
                    "sector": {"type": "string"},
                    "headquarters": {"type": "string"},
                },
                "required": ["company_name", "ticker", "ceo", "founded_year", "market_cap_usd", "sector", "headquarters"],
                "additionalProperties": false,
            },
        },
    },
)

company = json.loads(response.output_text)
print(f"{company['company_name']} ({company['ticker']})")
print(f"  CEO: {company['ceo']}")
print(f"  Founded: {company['founded_year']}")
print(f"  Market Cap: {company['market_cap_usd']}")
print(f"  Sector: {company['sector']}")
```

```typescript TypeScript theme={null}
import Perplexity from '@perplexity-ai/perplexity_ai';

const client = new Perplexity();

const response = await client.responses.create({
    model: "openai/gpt-5.6-terra",
    input: "What is the current market cap, CEO, and founding year of NVIDIA?",
    tools: [{ type: "web_search" }],
    response_format: {
        type: "json_schema",
        json_schema: {
            name: "company_profile",
            schema: {
                type: "object",
                properties: {
                    company_name: { type: "string" },
                    ticker: { type: "string" },
                    ceo: { type: "string" },
                    founded_year: { type: "integer" },
                    market_cap_usd: { type: "string" },
                    sector: { type: "string" },
                    headquarters: { type: "string" },
                },
                required: ["company_name", "ticker", "ceo", "founded_year", "market_cap_usd", "sector", "headquarters"],
            },
        },
    },
});

const company = JSON.parse(response.output_text);
console.log(`${company.company_name} (${company.ticker})`);
console.log(`  CEO: ${company.ceo}`);
console.log(`  Founded: ${company.founded_year}`);
console.log(`  Market Cap: ${company.market_cap_usd}`);
console.log(`  Sector: ${company.sector}`);
```
:::

## Extracting Lists: Product Comparisons

Extract a structured comparison of multiple items from a single query.

:::code-group
```python Python theme={null}
import json
from perplexity import Perplexity

client = Perplexity()

response = client.responses.create(
    model="openai/gpt-5.6-terra",
    input="Compare the top 3 electric vehicles under $40,000 available in the US in 2026",
    tools=[{"type": "web_search"}],
    response_format={
        "type": "json_schema",
        "json_schema": {
            "name": "ev_comparison",
            "schema": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "vehicles": {
                        "type": "array",
                        "items": {
                            "type": "object",
                            "properties": {
                                "make": {"type": "string"},
                                "model": {"type": "string"},
                                "year": {"type": "integer"},
                                "starting_price_usd": {"type": "integer"},
                                "range_miles": {"type": "integer"},
                                "battery_kwh": {"type": "number"},
                                "pros": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
                                "cons": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}},
                            },
                            "required": ["make", "model", "year", "starting_price_usd", "range_miles", "battery_kwh", "pros", "cons"],
                            "additionalProperties": false,
                        },
                    },
                    "comparison_date": {"type": "string"},
                },
                "required": ["vehicles", "comparison_date"],
                "additionalProperties": false,
            },
        },
    },
)

data = json.loads(response.output_text)
print(f"EV Comparison (as of {data['comparison_date']})\n")

for v in data["vehicles"]:
    print(f"{v['year']} {v['make']} {v['model']}")
    print(f"  Price: ${v['starting_price_usd']:,}")
    print(f"  Range: {v['range_miles']} mi | Battery: {v['battery_kwh']} kWh")
    print(f"  Pros: {', '.join(v['pros'])}")
    print(f"  Cons: {', '.join(v['cons'])}")
    print()
```

```typescript TypeScript theme={null}
import Perplexity from '@perplexity-ai/perplexity_ai';

const client = new Perplexity();

const response = await client.responses.create({
    model: "openai/gpt-5.6-terra",
    input: "Compare the top 3 electric vehicles under $40,000 available in the US in 2026",
    tools: [{ type: "web_search" }],
    response_format: {
        type: "json_schema",
        json_schema: {
            name: "ev_comparison",
            schema: {
                type: "object",
                properties: {
                    vehicles: {
                        type: "array",
                        items: {
                            type: "object",
                            properties: {
                                make: { type: "string" },
                                model: { type: "string" },
                                year: { type: "integer" },
                                starting_price_usd: { type: "integer" },
                                range_miles: { type: "integer" },
                                battery_kwh: { type: "number" },
                                pros: { type: "array", items: { type: "string" } },
                                cons: { type: "array", items: { type: "string" } },
                            },
                            required: ["make", "model", "year", "starting_price_usd", "range_miles", "battery_kwh", "pros", "cons"],
                        },
                    },
                    comparison_date: { type: "string" },
                },
                required: ["vehicles", "comparison_date"],
            },
        },
    },
});

const data = JSON.parse(response.output_text);
console.log(`EV Comparison (as of ${data.comparison_date})\n`);

for (const v of data.vehicles) {
    console.log(`${v.year} ${v.make} ${v.model}`);
    console.log(`  Price: $${v.starting_price_usd.toLocaleString()}`);
    console.log(`  Range: ${v.range_miles} mi | Battery: ${v.battery_kwh} kWh`);
    console.log(`  Pros: ${v.pros.join(", ")}`);
    console.log(`  Cons: ${v.cons.join(", ")}`);
    console.log();
}
```
:::

## Research Findings Extraction

Parse search-grounded research into a structured format suitable for reports or databases.

:::code-group
```python Python theme={null}
import json
from perplexity import Perplexity

client = Perplexity()

response = client.responses.create(
    model="openai/gpt-5.6-terra",
    input="What are the most recent clinical trial results for GLP-1 receptor agonists in treating obesity?",
    tools=[{"type": "web_search"}],
    instructions="Provide findings from the most recent clinical trials. Include specific numbers and trial names where available.",
    response_format={
        "type": "json_schema",
        "json_schema": {
            "name": "research_findings",
            "schema": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "topic": {"type": "string"},
                    "findings": {
                        "type": "array",
                        "items": {
                            "type": "object",
                            "properties": {
                                "trial_name": {"type": "string"},
                                "drug": {"type": "string"},
                                "phase": {"type": "string"},
                                "key_result": {"type": "string"},
                                "sample_size": {"type": "string"},
                                "publication_year": {"type": "integer"},
                            },
                            "required": ["trial_name", "drug", "phase", "key_result", "sample_size", "publication_year"],
                            "additionalProperties": false,
                        },
                    },
                    "summary": {"type": "string"},
                },
                "required": ["topic", "findings", "summary"],
                "additionalProperties": false,
            },
        },
    },
)

data = json.loads(response.output_text)
print(f"Topic: {data['topic']}\n")
print(f"Summary: {data['summary']}\n")

for finding in data["findings"]:
    print(f"  {finding['trial_name']} ({finding['drug']}, Phase {finding['phase']})")
    print(f"    Result: {finding['key_result']}")
    print(f"    N={finding['sample_size']}, Published: {finding['publication_year']}")
    print()
```

```typescript TypeScript theme={null}
import Perplexity from '@perplexity-ai/perplexity_ai';

const client = new Perplexity();

const response = await client.responses.create({
    model: "openai/gpt-5.6-terra",
    input: "What are the most recent clinical trial results for GLP-1 receptor agonists in treating obesity?",
    tools: [{ type: "web_search" }],
    instructions: "Provide findings from the most recent clinical trials. Include specific numbers and trial names where available.",
    response_format: {
        type: "json_schema",
        json_schema: {
            name: "research_findings",
            schema: {
                type: "object",
                properties: {
                    topic: { type: "string" },
                    findings: {
                        type: "array",
                        items: {
                            type: "object",
                            properties: {
                                trial_name: { type: "string" },
                                drug: { type: "string" },
                                phase: { type: "string" },
                                key_result: { type: "string" },
                                sample_size: { type: "string" },
                                publication_year: { type: "integer" },
                            },
                            required: ["trial_name", "drug", "phase", "key_result", "sample_size", "publication_year"],
                        },
                    },
                    summary: { type: "string" },
                },
                required: ["topic", "findings", "summary"],
            },
        },
    },
});

const data = JSON.parse(response.output_text);
console.log(`Topic: ${data.topic}\n`);
console.log(`Summary: ${data.summary}\n`);

for (const finding of data.findings) {
    console.log(`  ${finding.trial_name} (${finding.drug}, Phase ${finding.phase})`);
    console.log(`    Result: ${finding.key_result}`);
    console.log(`    N=${finding.sample_size}, Published: ${finding.publication_year}`);
    console.log();
}
```
:::

## Building a Data Pipeline

Chain structured output extraction into a pipeline that queries, extracts, and stores structured data.

:::code-group
```python Python theme={null}
import json
import csv
import io
from perplexity import Perplexity

client = Perplexity()

SCHEMA = {
    "type": "json_schema",
    "json_schema": {
        "name": "startup_funding",
        "schema": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
                "companies": {
                    "type": "array",
                    "items": {
                        "type": "object",
                        "properties": {
                            "name": {"type": "string"},
                            "round": {"type": "string"},
                            "amount_usd": {"type": "string"},
                            "lead_investor": {"type": "string"},
                            "sector": {"type": "string"},
                            "date": {"type": "string"},
                        },
                        "required": ["name", "round", "amount_usd", "lead_investor", "sector", "date"],
                        "additionalProperties": false,
                    },
                },
            },
            "required": ["companies"],
            "additionalProperties": false,
        },
    },
}


def extract_funding_rounds(sector: str) -> list[dict]:
    """Query the API and return structured funding data for a sector."""
    response = client.responses.create(
        model="openai/gpt-5.6-terra",
        input=f"List the 5 largest startup funding rounds in {sector} from the past 3 months",
        tools=[{"type": "web_search"}],
        response_format=SCHEMA,
    )
    data = json.loads(response.output_text)
    return data["companies"]


def pipeline(sectors: list[str]) -> str:
    """Run extraction across multiple sectors and produce a CSV."""
    all_rows = []
    for sector in sectors:
        print(f"Extracting: {sector}...")
        rows = extract_funding_rounds(sector)
        for row in rows:
            row["query_sector"] = sector
            all_rows.append(row)

    # Convert to CSV
    output = io.StringIO()
    writer = csv.DictWriter(output, fieldnames=["query_sector", "name", "round", "amount_usd", "lead_investor", "sector", "date"])
    writer.writeheader()
    writer.writerows(all_rows)
    return output.getvalue()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    csv_output = pipeline(["AI infrastructure", "climate tech", "biotech"])
    print(csv_output)
```
:::

## Schema Design Constraints

:::callout{intent="warning"}
The Agent API enforces these constraints on JSON schemas:

- **`additionalProperties` must be `false`.** Every `"type": "object"` in the schema must include `"additionalProperties": false`. This applies to the top-level schema and all nested objects.
- **No recursive schemas.** A schema cannot reference itself with `$ref` pointing to its own definition.
- **No unconstrained dicts.** Avoid `"type": "object"` without `properties`. Every object type must have explicitly defined properties.
- **All properties should be `required`.** While optional properties are allowed, making all properties required ensures consistent output structure.
- **No `$ref` to external schemas.** All definitions must be inline.
:::

### Patterns That Work

```json theme={null}
// ✅ Flat object with typed fields
{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "name": { "type": "string" },
    "count": { "type": "integer" },
    "tags": { "type": "array", "items": { "type": "string" } }
  },
  "required": ["name", "count", "tags"]
}

// ✅ Array of typed objects
{
  "type": "array",
  "items": {
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "key": { "type": "string" },
      "value": { "type": "number" }
    },
    "required": ["key", "value"]
  }
}

// ✅ Enum for constrained values
{
  "type": "string",
  "enum": ["low", "medium", "high"]
}
```

### Patterns to Avoid

```json theme={null}
// ❌ Recursive schema (self-referencing)
{
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "children": { "$ref": "#" }
  }
}

// ❌ Unconstrained object
{
  "type": "object",
  "additionalProperties": true
}

// ❌ Bare dict/map type
{
  "type": "object"
}
```

## Combining Structured Output with Function Calling

You can use `response_format` alongside custom tools. The model calls your functions first, then formats the final response according to your schema.

:::code-group
```python Python theme={null}
import json
from perplexity import Perplexity

client = Perplexity()

tools = [
    {"type": "web_search"},
    {
        "type": "function",
        "name": "get_internal_price",
        "description": "Look up the internal wholesale price for a product SKU.",
        "parameters": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
                "sku": {"type": "string", "description": "Product SKU"}
            },
            "required": ["sku"]
        },
    },
]


def get_internal_price(sku: str) -> dict:
    prices = {"SKU-A100": 8500, "SKU-H100": 25000, "SKU-4090": 1600}
    return {"sku": sku, "wholesale_price_usd": prices.get(sku, 0)}


response = client.responses.create(
    model="openai/gpt-5.6-terra",
    tools=tools,
    input="Get the current retail price for the NVIDIA H100 GPU from the web, and also look up our internal wholesale price for SKU-H100. Compare them.",
    response_format={
        "type": "json_schema",
        "json_schema": {
            "name": "price_comparison",
            "schema": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "product": {"type": "string"},
                    "retail_price_usd": {"type": "string"},
                    "wholesale_price_usd": {"type": "integer"},
                    "margin_percent": {"type": "string"},
                    "source": {"type": "string"},
                },
                "required": ["product", "retail_price_usd", "wholesale_price_usd", "margin_percent", "source"],
                "additionalProperties": false,
            },
        },
    },
)

# Handle function calls
while any(item.type == "function_call" for item in response.output):
    next_input = [item.model_dump() for item in response.output]
    for item in response.output:
        if item.type == "function_call":
            args = json.loads(item.arguments)
            result = get_internal_price(**args)
            next_input.append({
                "type": "function_call_output",
                "call_id": item.call_id,
                "output": json.dumps(result),
            })
    response = client.responses.create(
        model="openai/gpt-5.6-terra",
        tools=tools,
        input=next_input,
        response_format={
            "type": "json_schema",
            "json_schema": {
                "name": "price_comparison",
                "schema": {
                    "type": "object",
                    "properties": {
                        "product": {"type": "string"},
                        "retail_price_usd": {"type": "string"},
                        "wholesale_price_usd": {"type": "integer"},
                        "margin_percent": {"type": "string"},
                        "source": {"type": "string"},
                    },
                    "required": ["product", "retail_price_usd", "wholesale_price_usd", "margin_percent", "source"],
                    "additionalProperties": false,
                },
            },
        },
    )

data = json.loads(response.output_text)
print(f"Product: {data['product']}")
print(f"Retail: {data['retail_price_usd']} (from {data['source']})")
print(f"Wholesale: ${data['wholesale_price_usd']:,}")
print(f"Margin: {data['margin_percent']}")
```
:::

:::callout{intent="tip"}
When combining structured outputs with function calling, pass the same `response_format` in every turn of the multi-turn loop. The schema is only enforced on the final text output, not on function call arguments.
:::

## Next Steps

::::card-grid
:::card{title="Output Control" href="/guides/agent-api-output-control" icon="adjustments"}
Full reference for response\_format, streaming, and output shaping.
:::

:::card{title="Function Calling" href="/guides/cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-function-calling-e2e" icon="code-circle"}
Combine structured outputs with multi-turn function calling.
:::

:::card{title="Agent API Quickstart" href="/guides/agent-api-quickstart" icon="rocket"}
Get started with the Agent API in minutes.
:::

:::card{title="Agent API Models" href="/guides/agent-api-models" icon="brain"}
Choose the right model for structured extraction tasks.
:::
::::

## Related pages

- [RAG with Perplexity Embeddings](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-embeddings-rag.md)
- [Streaming Citation Parsing](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-streaming-citations.md)
- [Multi-Provider Orchestration](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-multi-provider-orchestration.md)
- [Academic and Scholarly Search](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-academic-search.md)
- [Deep Research Workflows](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-async-deep-research.md)
- [Search Domain Filtering Patterns](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-search-domain-filtering.md)
- [VC Investment Memo Agent with LangGraph](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-langchain-vc-memo-agent.md)
- [Daily AI Stock News PDF with Skills](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-agent-skills.md)
- [Daily News Digest with LLM Deduplication](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-news-dedupe-digest.md)
- [Build an incident responder with Profiles, Skills, and Managed Connectors](./cookbook-2-cookbook-articles-incident-responder.md)

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